WSPU Founded by Emmeline Pankhurst

WSPU Founded by Emmeline Pankhurst As author of the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU) in 1903, suffragist Emmeline Pankhurst carried militancy to the British testimonial development in the mid twentieth century. The WSPU turned into the most argumentative of the suffragist gatherings of that period, with exercises extending from problematic exhibitions to demolition of property using illegal conflagration and bombs. Pankhurst and her partners carried out rehashed punishments in prison, where they organized appetite strikes. The WSPU was dynamic from 1903 to 1914, when Englands association in World War I brought womens testimonial endeavors to a stop. Pankhurst's Early Days as an Activist Emmeline Goulden Pankhurst was conceived in Manchester, England in 1858 to liberal-disapproved of guardians who bolstered both the abolitionist and womens testimonial developments. Pankhurst went to her first testimonial gathering with her mom at 14 years old, getting dedicated to the reason for womens testimonial at an early age. Pankhurst discovered her perfect partner in Richard Pankhurst, an extreme Manchester lawyer twice her age whom she wedded in 1879. Pankhurst shared his wifes assurance to get the decision in favor of ladies; he had even drafted an early form of a womens testimonial bill, which had been dismissed by Parliament in 1870. The Pankhursts were dynamic in a few neighborhood testimonial associations in Manchester. They moved to London in 1885 to empower Richard Pankhurst to run for Parliament. Despite the fact that he lost, they remained in London for a long time, during which time they framed the Womens Franchise League. The League disbanded because of inner clashes and the Pankhursts came back to Manchester in 1892. The Birth of the WSPU Pankhurst endured the abrupt loss of her significant other to a punctured ulcer in 1898, turning into a widow at 40 years old. Left with obligations and four kids to help (her child Francis had kicked the bucket in 1888), Pankhurst accepting an occupation as a recorder in Manchester. Utilized in a common laborers region, she saw numerous occurrences of sexual orientation separation which just fortified her purpose to get equivalent rights for ladies. In October 1903, Pankhurst established the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU), holding the week by week gatherings in her Manchester home. Constraining its participation to ladies just, the testimonial gathering looked for the contribution of common laborers ladies. Pankhursts girls Christabel and Sylvia helped their mom to deal with the association, just as to give talks at rallies. The gathering distributed its own paper, naming it ​Suffragette after the censorious moniker given to suffragists by the press. Early supporters of the WSPU included many common laborers ladies, for example, plant specialist Annie Kenny and sewer Hannah Mitchell, both of whom became noticeable open speakers for the association. The WSPU embraced the motto Votes For Women and chose green, white, and purple as their official hues, representing separately, expectation, immaculateness, and respect. The trademark and tricolor standard (worn by individuals as a scarf over their shirts) turned into a typical sight at rallies and shows all through England. Picking up Strength In May 1904, WSPU individuals swarmed the House of Commons to hear conversation on the womens testimonial bill, having been guaranteed ahead of time by the Labor Party that the bill (drafted years sooner by Richard Pankhurst) would be raised for banter. Rather, individuals from Parliament (MPs) organized a discussion out, a methodology proposed to run down the clock so that there would be no time left for conversation of the testimonial bill. Enraged, individuals from the Union concluded they should utilize increasingly extreme measures. Since exhibits and rallies were not delivering results, despite the fact that they helped to build the participation of the WSPU, the Union received another methodology - pestering legislators during discourses. During one such occurrence in October 1905, Pankhursts little girl Christabel and individual WSPU part Annie Kenney were captured and sent to prison for seven days. A lot more captures of ladies dissidents about a thousand-would follow before the battle for the vote was finished. In June 1908, the WSPU held the biggest ever political show in Londons history. Several thousands energized in Hyde Park as suffragist speakers read goals requiring the womens vote. The legislature acknowledged the goals however would not follow up on them. The WSPU Gets Radical The WSPU utilized progressively aggressor strategies throughout the following quite a while. Emmeline Pankhurst sorted out a window-crushing effort all through Londons business regions in March 1912. At the assigned hour, 400 ladies took pounds and started crushing windows at the same time. Pankhurst, who had broken windows at the head administrators living arrangement, went to prison alongside a considerable lot of her accessories. Many ladies, including Pankhurst, went on hunger strikes during their various detainments. Jail authorities depended on fierce forcibly feeding of the ladies, some of whom really kicked the bucket from the methodology. News records of such abuse assisted with producing compassion toward the suffragists. Because of the objection, Parliament passed the Temporary Discharge for Ill-Health Act (referred to casually as the Cat and Mouse Act), which permitted the fasting ladies to be discharged sufficiently long to recuperate, just to be rearrested. The Union added devastation of property to its developing arms stockpile of weapons in its fight for the vote. Ladies vandalized greens, railroad vehicles, and government workplaces. Some ventured to such an extreme as to set structures ablaze and plant bombs in letter drops. In 1913, one Union part, Emily Davidson, pulled in negative exposure by hurling herself before the rulers horse during a race at Epsom. She kicked the bucket days after the fact, having never recaptured cognizance. World War I Intervenes In 1914, Britains contribution in World War I successfully realized the finish of the WSPU and the testimonial development as a rule. Pankhurst had faith in serving her nation in a period of war and pronounced a détente with the British government. Consequently, all detained suffragists were discharged from prison. Ladies substantiated themselves fit for performing customary mens employments while the men were off at war and appeared to have earned more regard therefore. By 1916, the battle for the vote was finished. Parliament passed the Representation of the People Act, giving the vote to all ladies more than 30. The vote was allowed to all ladies more than 21 years old in 1928, just weeks after the demise of Emmeline Pankhurst.

Solutions to Global Warming Essay -- Climate Change, Synthesis Essays

You find out about it from TV news communicates. You read about it in papers and magazines. You talk about it with companions and associates. There have even been motion pictures made about it. The â€Å"it† is a dangerous atmospheric devation. â€Å"Global warming alludes to the worldwide normal temperature increment that has been seen in the course of the last one hundred years or more† (Spencer). A few specialists contend that a worldwide temperature alteration is a consequence of human exercises, while others accept the warming and cooling of the Earth’s air is a characteristic cycle. Supporters of human incited an Earth-wide temperature boost pressure that since the Industrial Revolution we have discharged inordinate measures of carbon dioxide, a known â€Å"greenhouse gas,† into the environment and expanded the Earth’s temperature. Then again, a few researchers pronounce that dependent on ice center examples the Earth has encountered a few war ming cycles for a huge number of years (Barry, 2000). In spite of the continuous discussion on whether â€Å"global warming† is a characteristic cycle or brought about by human exercises, there are things people and countries could do to ensure and moderate our condition. Prior to talking about potential answers for address an unnatural weather change, I might want to introduce some foundation data about a worldwide temperature alteration. Plants, creatures, and people can get by on this planet due to the atmosphere’s characteristic â€Å"greenhouse† impact. The Earth’s environment is essentially made out of water fume, carbon dioxide, and methane, which re-emanates the sun’s infrared radiation down to the Earth’s surface (Barry, 2000). Thus, an expansion in these â€Å"greenhouse† impact parts could bring about more warmth being caught and an expansion in the environmental temperature. Bjorn Lomborg (2007, p. 10) expresses that with... .... (2007, November 8). Instructions to stop environmental change: The easy way. In Z. Sharp (Ed.), Annual versions: Environment 09/10 (pp. 209-211). New York: McGraw Hill. Spencer, R. (n.d.). A dangerous atmospheric devation: characteristic or artificial. Recovered from http://www.drroyspencer.com/a dangerous atmospheric devation normal or-artificial/ Top 50 intentions for stop a dangerous atmospheric devation. (2009, February 5). Recovered from http://globalwarming-facts.info/50-tips.html US Census Bureau. (2008, December). Total populace: 1950-2050. Recovered from http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/worldpopgraph.html US Department of Agriculture. (2009, August 12). Maintainable turn of events. Recovered from http://www.usda.gov/oce/manageable/index.htm Wallace, J. W. (2005, April 26). Atomic Power 2010 Program. In T. A. Easton (Ed.), Taking sides: Clashing perspectives on natural issues (p. 220). New York: McGraw Hill.

An Art UROP and an Animation Job

An Art UROP and an Animation Job UROPing is a very MIT thing to do. “91% of MIT graduating seniors participate in at least one UROP during their undergraduate years!” Coming into MIT, we knew we wanted to UROP at least once in our time here, because it’s a great opportunity, and it almost felt like an MIT-bucket-list thing to do.  But, we also didn’t want to UROP just to UROP. We wanted to UROP in a field we cared about01 Many people use UROP as a way to explore a field, and that is also a valid approach. , and when we weren’t too hosed by classes. We weren’t really actively trying to find a UROP because of this, and instead waiting for an opportunity that felt right at the right time. This did not happen for all of freshman and sophomore year, because we were figuring out our major and then too hosed by classes. But as we approached this semester, not one but two UROPs fell into our laps! Over this past summer, we were doing remote graphic design work for the MIT Teaching Systems Lab. We did not know this at the time, but apparently, the MIT Game Lab was collaborating with TSL, while we were working there, and our supervisor knew one of our friends working in the Game Lab. About one month before this semester started, we got an email from said friend connecting us to their UROP supervisor at the Game Lab, asking us if we’d be interested in doing a graphic design UROP in the fall! We were so excited about this! Not only did the project seem super cool, but it was also at a great time for us! We wanted to take a CMS class this semester, but not necessarily a time intensive writing class, since we are taking a 15 unit (that feels like a 30 unit) Software Construction class. So, we decided to take this UROP for credit, making this our CMS “class” of the semester! This project is a massive, spy-themed, party puzzle hunt game! This game is divided into more than 10 unique series of puzzles, many of which require team interactions to solve, and must work for a massive party of hundreds. Designing the mechanics of the game happened over this past summer, and our job was to convert the puzzles into visually appealing and useable player cards, puzzle sheets, and posters! This involved designing logos and color schemes for every series of puzzle, and nitty-gritty puzzle formatting. Basically, a whole LOT of illustrator. Here is some of the stuff we made! Now onto our second UROP02 As the title of this post indicates, it is actually a “job,” but that’s really just a matter of where the funding is coming from. For all intents and purposes, this could’ve also been a UROP. ! We initially found out about this one through an email sent to the Art Scholars mailing list! It was a position from Social Machines at the MIT Media Lab to help make…. animations! We repeat ANIMATIONS! This is what we’ve been waiting for! We cross registered at the MassArt Animation department twice last year, and now we get to directly apply the skills we gained from doing so to a UROP at MIT! Specifically, the animations were of characters, each of which represents one sound of the English language through sound imitation! For example, when you sneeze, you make a CH noise. So for the CH animation, we animated the C in CH sneezing. The goal of this is to help children, learning different sound combinations of English letters, to make associations between the letter combinations and its sound. Here are some examples of the work we’ve done! Many people use UROP as a way to explore a field, and that is also a valid approach. back to text ? As the title of this post indicates, it is actually a “job,” but that’s really just a matter of where the funding is coming from. For all intents and purposes, this could’ve also been a UROP. back to text ?

The Subtle Truth of Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay

The Subtle Truth of Jane Eyre The role of a woman in Victorian England was an unenviable one. Social demands and personal desires were often at cross-purposes. This predicament was nothing new in the 19th century, yet it was this period that would see the waters begin to stir in anticipation of the cascading changes about to shake the very foundation of an empire on the brink of global colonization and industrialization. The question of what role women would play in this transformation came to the forefront. Charlotte Brontà «s female bildungsroman, Jane Eyre, attempts to spotlight many of the issues of the woman question facing this period and to draw a balance between a womans social role and her need for personal†¦show more content†¦When we are first introduced to Jane, she is a nine-year-old girl humbled by the consciousness of [her] physical inferiority ... [who is excluded] from privileges intended only for contented, happy little children (7). She is a withdrawn daydreamer, ostracized dependent and unwanted ward whose only solace is herself and her penchant for books. The effect on Jane of her early trauma involving her incarceration in the red room, is significant for later developments in the novel, for it represents her vision of the society in which she is trapped: one which seeks to harness her human drive. Critics have often noted that Brontà « uses the properties of fire and ice throughout Jane Eyre to isolate the dueling drives of the novels heroine. Janes experiences in the red room, probably the most metaphorically vibrant in the book, shows us clearly the dilemma women of her disposition faced. That a naturally occurring drive should be deemed necessary to be contained was a frustration shared by many energetic women who seeked an outlet for their individuality in a world of double standards. But this was a time when conformity and observance of decorum were valued significantly, while placing personal desires over the requirements of social station was a sign of pride: un-Christian and undesirable. From theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Criticisms of Jane Eyre1615 Words   |  7 PagesCriticisms of Jane Eyre The major criticisms of the novel in question to be the melodrama used by the author and the wickedness of character shown in Jane and Mr. Rochester. While most critics admired the style of writing and truth of character portrayal, they did not admire the improbability of circumstances or the characters portrayed. Elizabeth Rigby (later Lady Eastlake) was probably the harshest critic, calling Jane Eyre â€Å"the personification of an unregenerate and undisciplinedRead MoreSatire : Humor And Satire2675 Words   |  11 Pagesjokes with the author and reader, and with satire, including that of irony and parody, with each style and type delivering humour in its own unique way. These differing styles of humour can be found in a variety of forms including Jasper Forde’s The Eyre Affair (2001), with its silly atmosphere, word play and grammar jokes, and the use of light hearted satire and parody to brighten up the text, and Julian Barnes A History of the World in 10 1/2 Chapters (1989), where there is a more serious atmosphereRead MoreVictorian Novel9605 Words   |  39 Pagesstability and rising standards of living. Artists of ‘Pre- Raphaelite Brotherhood’ claimed to write only true about nature, concentrate only on the true ideas. These three years saw the rise of such works: of Bronte sisters’ Poems, Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre, Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, William Thackeray’s Vanity Fair. The Following twenty years could be seen as the high period of ‘Victorian novel’. Despite being a mixture of boom and slump, the years of 1850-1870 were recognized by the economic

Security Analysis and Portfolio Management Free Essay Example, 750 words

ï » ¿Question # 3: a) There is direct relationship between the economic conditions and the performance of the stock market of a particular economy. This makes it necessary to investigate the overall condition of the economy before making an investment decision to purchase finance securities. An investor will be able to get increased return on the financial securities if the economic condition is positive. The fundamental analysis of the stock market involves the method of stock valuation which utilizes the concepts of financial and economic analysis in order to forecast the future movement and condition of the value and prices of the financial securities. b) Gross Domestic Product (GDP): 1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the measurement of the all goods and services produced by the economy. It is the most essential indicator of the economic condition of any country and reflects the overall economic activities. 2. Five primary components of GDP are: private consumption (C), government consumption (G), investments (I), imports (M), and exports (X). GDP = C + I + X – M 3. Real GDP is different from nominal GDP, as it is adjusted for any changes in the price. We will write a custom essay sample on Security Analysis and Portfolio Management or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Real GDP provides the result in constant dollars. Most of the analysts mostly use real GDP while analyzing the economy because it allows the better outlook of the overall condition of the economy. This measure allows to compare the performance of the economy in different time periods as the effect of inflation or deflation has been adjusted. c) Cyclic economic indicators are useful to predict and forecast the economic condition. 1. The three groups of cyclic economic indicators are: leading indicators, lagging indicators, and coincident indicators. These indicators are divided on the basis of their occurrence timings in relation to the business cycle. The leading indicators consist of those economic variables which show changing trend before the complete change in the economy. The lagging indicators consist of those economic variables which change after the change in the economy. And coincident indicators consist of economic variables which change a t the same time the economy is changing. 2. The most useful economic indicator will be leading indicators for forecasting the economic activity as these indicators will allow to take necessary steps and measures beforehand. d) The technical analysts or chartist usually focus on the price and volume charts in order to forecast the future trends in the stock industry. However, economic indicators can also be used by technical analysis in the process of technical analysis. Economic indicators can help the technical analysts in predicting the future market activity. e) According to the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) the financial markets are efficient in term of information. This means that it is not possible for the investor to get excess returns as compared to the average market returns, as the prices of the stock always reflect all relevant and important information. On the other hand behavioral finance presents the idea that there are imperfections in the financial markets because of the different behaviors and attitud es of the investors like overconfidence, bias information, overreaction, etc. Question # 4: a) The two types of municipal bonds or securities are: General Obligation bonds and Revenue bonds. The difference between this both types is on the basis of the repayment of the principal and interest. In General Obligation bonds the payments of the principal and interest are supported by the faith and credit of the issuer or municipality and are supported by the taxing power of the municipality. On the other hand in Revenue bonds the payment of principal and interest is secured on the basis of revenue generated from specific project. b) In order to assess the default risk of General Obligation bonds one should consider the taxing base of the municipality i. e. the current debt in against this base and the variability associated with the tax (Fischer & Jordan, 356). On the other hand in order to assess the default risk of Revenue bonds, one should consider the financial feasibility of the project which is supporting the bond and the variability associated with the revenue generated from that specific project. c) If the municipal bonds are not supported by taxes, then municipality purchases private municipal bond insurance in order to reduce the risk associated with the municipal bond and increasing the credit rating. Municipality justify the cost of the insurance premium by the value of the interest cost which is saved throughout the life of the bond (Feldstein & Fabozzi, 1088). d) The main feature that attracts investors to buy and own municipal bonds is interest revenue or income earned by municipal bond holders are usually exempted from income tax of the state and federal income tax. e) Serial bond is defined as a bond whose fraction or portion gets matured at regular intervals till complete bond has become matured. In comparison to serial bonds, corporate bonds are matured at the end of their tenure so a typical bondholder would get the principle amount at the end of duration rather than getting small portion of principle at regular intervals as in the c ase of serial bonds. Works Cited Feldstein, Sylvan, & Frank, Fabozzi. The Handbook of Municipal Bonds. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc. , 2008. Fischer, Donald, & Ronald, Jordan. Security Analysis and Portfolio Management. New Delhi: Pearson Education, Inc. , 1995.

Man on Wire, Movie Review Free Essays

aI always enjoy watching a documentary. It makes me to discover a new world. Especially logically well-developed documentaries give me a new stream of thoughts and allows me to discover another way to look at the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Man on Wire, Movie Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now The movie Man on Wire gave me this type of experience, helping me to re-discover the adventurous part of me that I hide deep inside of my soul. Man on Wire is a documentary directed by James March about a Philippe Petit and his journey to walk across in the middle of the World Trade Center on a wire back in 1974. What made me interested in the film in a point of view of student who is freshly leaning elements of film is how the director managed to tell this story without making the audience confused of timeline. Often times in our lives, when we are listening to such a long story like Petit’s journey, we get lost in time frame. On the top of that in the movie, there is no necessarily main stream of story. Different types of footages and films drive the story by putting them together as a unit. However March has used different visual effects and devises to give distinctive feelings for the audience to focus on the story. This movie shows interviews of Philippe Petit, interviews from Petit’s friends, his girlfriend, Annie Allix, and other people who were involved in the scene. As well as footages from Petit’s own camera, re-directed past sequences, scenes from the news, also animation as transitional device between scenes. The director March has given distinguishable color differences to each types of footage in the order of how currently there were filmed. All of the interviews that were filmed while March was directing the movie are in modern style, high-definition color, which gives an impression of present. In the past sequences, the footages from the news and Petit’s footages during planning how to walk on the WTC are in color film with dimed colors. This gives the distinctive visual effect between the past prior to the construction of WTC. All of the sequences before WTC is in black and white and has noises all over the film. This gives impression that it is in the farther past. However the sequences of Petit and his crew getting into the WTC is in high-definition black and white with no noises on the film, this gave me an impression that this event happened a long time ago, yet still has powerful impact on people’s soul while drawing a parallel with the passion of interviewees talking about the story. One more visual devise that was used in the film that I found interesting was the use of vignette. Vignette effect was used in the sequences that were prior to the time Petit had a passion to walk across the twin towers. This device also makes it easy to follow the flow of the story. Without those visual devises, because of the big scale of the story, it wouldn’t be easy to enjoy the film. The portion that touched my heart and made me aware of the part of in my soul that used to dream such things that are not possible in the point of view of adults was the expression that the interviewees still have inside of them when they talk about this event. Although as a result, this event did not make any of them in a better position, their memories of achieving what had seem impossible made me admire of their heart what was once beating enormously to make their dreams come true. As there is a saying ‘even an old house dreams of the open field’. I wish I could be free of fear and live for a dream that inspires other people like Petit has. How to cite Man on Wire, Movie Review, Papers

My friend Tim is a solo practitioner in suburban N Essay Example For Students

My friend Tim is a solo practitioner in suburban N Essay dslew York City. Hes grown dependent on the Internet for everyday tasks such as checking a lawyers name when drafting a motion, or checking on the status of his cases. Those are the two main choices for most of us at least those of us whod rather not pay a couple of thousand dollars a month for a T1 line. Both cable and DSL services have their quirks. One Big TV NetworkTim works out of his homes former sun porch. Unlike his professional colleagues in big-firm office suites with their access to networks and T1 lines, he used to dial-in to his Internet provider. But as his dependence on the Web and e-mail grew, Tim got tired of dialing-in and then disconnecting over and over again. So he needed broadband, or fast Internet access that was always connected and didnt need dialing up. Tims and many others choices were limited. The local cable TV company was a couple of months away from supplying cable modem service. But a lot of Internet service providers and phone companies were vying to supply DSL, or digital subscriber line service. How fast? At least, and often more than 10 times the speed of a 56K modem. Those are the two main choices for most of us at least those of us whod rather not pay a couple of thousand dollars a month for a T1 line. Both cable and DSL services have their quirks. One Big TV NetworkWords/ Pages : 251 / 24

Leonardo Da Vinci Essays (434 words) - Giftedness,

Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo was born on April 15, 1452, near the town of Vinci. His artistic talent revealed itself early, for he was apprenticed in 1469 to a leading Renaissance master. In the Florence workshop, where he remained until 1476, Leonardo acquired a variety of skills. He entered the painters guild in 1472, and his earliest works date from this time. Works such as the Madonna with the carnation which although are traditional, include detail such as curling hair which only Leonardo could have done. In 1478 he was asked to paint an altar piece for the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. Three years later he painted the Adoration of the Magi for the monastery of San Donato a Scopeto. It is the most important of all his early paintings. In it, Leonardo shows for the first time his method of organizing figures into a pyramid shape, so that interest is focused on the principal subject. This project was interrupted when Leonardo left Florence for Milan about 1482. Leonardo worked for Duke Lodovico Sforza in Milan for nearly 18 years. Although he was still an artist, painting portraits, he began to become interested in the mechanic and scientific field. But these interests did not stop him from completing his most famous work, The last supper. In 1499 Leonardo left Milan to find another job. For about four years, he switched from job to job. He returned to Florence in 1503, and attempted several significant artistic projects, including the Battle of Anghiari mural for the council chamber of the Town Hall, the portrait of Mona Lisa, and the lost Leda and the Swan. Around this time he began to become more involved in anatomy and performed some dissections. Leonardo returned to Milan in June 1506. He was called to work for the new French government. He remained in Milan for 7 years. The artistic project on which he focused at this time was the equestrian monument to Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, which was also never completed. Around this time he became so involved in science that his art became a reflection of it. In 1516, Leonardo left Italy forever to become the architectural advisor to King Francis I of France, who greatly admired him. Leonardo died at the age of 67 on May 2, 1519 near Amboise, France. The life and work of the great Italian Renaissance artist and scientist, Leonardo da Vinci has been fascinating later generations for years. After his death, he became admired for his art and art theory. Although now he is also recognized for his contributions to science. Arts Essays

Best Websites to Learn English

Best Websites to Learn English Best Websites to Learn English Best Websites to Learn English By Sharon Whether you are learning English as a second language or trying to polish your already adequate grammar and style skills, the seven websites below can help. 1. Memrise Memrise is an online flashcard website where people can upload their own flashcard stacks. You can find a range of topics ranging from Geography to Electronics to Fashion. These flashcards are great if you want to learn English vocabulary for specific topics, as the majority of flashcards come with pictures and sounds to aid your learning. Even if you know English very well, Memrise can help you learn higher-level English, with flashcards covering SAT and GRE English, and more. 2. Duolingo If your first language is not English, and you are confused about where to go first, I suggest Duolingo. Duolingo is a language-learning website that transforms the language-learning process into a game. You are given tasks like matching words to flashcards, picking the most appropriate word for a sentence, writing what you hear, and more, all in your native language. Duolingo will help you take your English abilities in reading, writing, listening, and speaking, to a basic conversational level once you finish the course. From there, you can take the reverse course, translating from English into your native language. The learning never stops at Duolingo. I often find myself redoing the courses to solidify my abilities. 3. Dictionary.com Everyone, at one time or another, needs a dictionary. There are hundreds of thousands of words in the English language and not many people know them all. Everyone, from the most basic of beginners to the more advanced speakers of the English language, should bookmark Dictionary.com for future reference. You never know when you will need to learn what a word means, like hesperidium. Use that in a sentence! 4. Readable.io Sometimes, the best learning happens when we teach ourselves. It is one thing to learn from others, but we can really solidify the lessons learnt by going over our own mistakes, and correcting them. Readable.io checks your typed text for you, highlighting your ease and ability at writing. Using readability scores, text analytics, keyword densities, and sentiment analysis, you can learn where your writing skills are lacking, and how to correct them. This website can be a very valuable tool for the self-taught writer. I used it all throughout school on academic paper drafts. 5. Purdue Online Writing Lab Run by Purdue University, the Purdue Online Writing Lab can teach you how to form grammatically-perfect sentences. Although the website is meant for university-level students, anyone can improve their grammar and abilities in English via the site. You can learn how to improve your general writing abilities, perform better research and cite that research, and more. There is even a section on English as a Second Language. Regardless of your English abilities, you should use this resource if you are performing research of any kind. From grade-school assignments to masters-level citations, any student can benefit from the Purdue Online Writing Lab. 6. Grammarly Sometimes, you just want to check your grammar, sentence by sentence. Grammarly will provide suggestions based on your written input. You can use this website to increase your vocabulary range and your written skills. There are many words in the English language that can confuse even the most ardent of English speakers. I still meet adults today who misuse â€Å"two,† â€Å"too,† and â€Å"to.† Understanding the differences that words can make in the meanings of sentences is vital to improving your English. While Grammarly is not free, it is worth every penny. 7. Upwork While Upwork is not exactly a website where you can learn English, it can help you improve your reading, writing, and speaking abilities by helping you hire a tutor. Upwork is an online marketplace where you can hire individuals to help you with a variety of things. Rates are affordable and each person offering a service has a complete profile with ratings and review from previous clients. For a reasonable price, you can contract an English tutor to speak with you online and help you with your English. They can help improve your conversational English abilities, grade your written English, teach you new concepts in the English language and more. Due to the versatility, affordability, and accessibility of online marketplaces like Upwork, this resource can be one of the most valuable ones you use as you learn English online. Good luck. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Punctuate References to Dates and TimesOne Fell SwoopHow Long Should a Synopsis Be?

How intermediate language students in the Uk are tought colloqiula Essay

How intermediate language students in the Uk are tought colloqiula Arabic - Essay Example How Many Languages do they know: - Two students being from a complete different background( Pakistan and Somalia) know English besides their native languages. -Two out of five English students, do not know or have command on any other language other then English. -Three out of five English students hold a firm grip on other languages as well. -They have flair of learning different languages. THE PURPOSE BEHIND LEARNING OF COLLOQUIAL ARABIC: - Two students from Pakistan and Somalia made it a religious need to have the better understanding of Arabic in order to have a sound grip on religion. -Four out of five English students showed that they were interested in learning Arabic because they have flair of learning different languages which would give them a better idea of understanding the Arabic culture as well as this would help them in understanding the better political scenario of middle-east. - One out of five English Students showed that the basic purpose behind learning Arabic wou ld help in getting a better job. It has been observed that Arabic is considered as one of the most important languages in the world as well as it has been set as an important official language in various international organizations around the world. OTHER ANALYSIS ON THE LEARNING PATTERN OF COLLOQUIAL ARABIC OF FIVE ENGLISH STUDENTS: - It has been found out that all these seven students have been studying and learning Arabic from last 2 years except for one who has been learning from 9 months. -Four out of seven students have never visited any Arab state whereas only three students have visited UAE and the Kingdom of Morocco for meeting relatives and found it imperative to know Arabic in order to know well about the Arab culture and civilization. -These results also made it clear the interests of these students very clear that how much they are interested in learning Arabic and to what extent they are willing to learn. Five out of two English students showed their interest in learni ng Arabic for speaking and writing purposes in order to get a job where this skill would help them to excel and progress in future. Whereas on the other hand, other two English students showed their interest in learning the Arabic for speaking purpose only which would help them in socializing with other people from the world particularly from Arab countries. Just one English student opted Arabic in order to read well the history of Middle Eastern countries. While the other two students want to learn Arabic for having better understanding of Quran and visiting other Arab countries. HOW MUCH TIME DO THEY GIVE IN IMPROVING THEIR COLLOQUIAL ARABIC AND WHAT IMPROVEMENT THEY NEED? -It has been found out from the group discussion that these seven students give a little time in improving their colloquial Arabic such as once a week or follow the standard timing as per set by the classes. - However, they still made it clear that they require more time in practicing the colloquial Arabic as it is not their native language and still they find it hard to use it on the regular basis outside their classrooms. They

Illegal Immigration ( MUST BE DONE in LESS THaN 9 hours) Essay

Illegal Immigration ( MUST BE DONE in LESS THaN 9 hours) - Essay Example Considering Janet Napolitanos background sheds some light on her ambiguous positions. She is a native New Yorker that was raised in New Mexico. A life long Democrat, she is governor of a state that is generally overwhelmingly Republican. Twenty years ago she was a lawyer representing a Tucson Arizona church against charges that they were smuggling illegal aliens. She won a major case that barred federal informants from investigating the Southside Presbyterian Church. Now, as Governor of a state at the heart of the immigration problem, she faces the dilemma of squaring her past record with the political realities of the present. Clearly Arizona has an illegal immigrant problem. According to Pomfret, approximately 4000 illegal immigrants enter Arizona every day. That amounts to 1.5 million immigrants a year in a state with a population of 6 million permanent residents. The toll on schools, law enforcement, hospitals, and public programs is immense. Federal funding has skyrocketed and as Pomfret reports, "[...] the Medicaid bill ballooned from $200 million in 2001 to $1.2 billion in 2003, at least partly because of illegal immigration". In 2004, Arizona passed one of the most stringent laws to regulate spending known as proposition 200. Proposition 200 mandated that all non-federally funded programs and assistance to illegal aliens cease immediately. However, Pomfret states that, "Arizonas attorney general, with Napolitanos support, has ruled that the law only pertains to discretionary state programs and not to federally funded entitlements such as food stamps and subsidized school lunches". The propositions advocates have sought court action to demand full implementation of the initial intent of the law. The legislators, caught in an election season have ducked responsibility and have decided to let the electorate decide which, if any,

Agricultural science and practice

Agricultural science and practice REVIEW OF LITERATURE INTERCROPPING Intercropping of cereals and grain legumes is a neglected theme in agricultural science and practice in both conventional and organic farming systems (Dahlmann, and Von Fragstein2006). The fast rising population in many tropical countries is one of the reasons for enormous growing demand for food. The increasing urbanization due to world growing population has affected food production leading to irrevocable loss of arable land. Opening up new land for cultivation can enhance the decrease of agriculture. Farmers and researchers should be conscious that cost-benefit ratio bringing new land under cultivation is smaller than that of increasing production of already cultivated land, which may lead to increase in production per unit area. Intercropping tenders farmers the opportunity to engage natures principle of diversity on their farms. Spatial arrangements of plants, planting rates, and maturity dates must be considered when planning intercrops. Intercrops can be more fruitful than growing monocropping. Many different intercrop systems have been studied, including mixed intercropping, strip cropping, and customary intercropping provisions. Pest management benefits can also be realized from intercropping due to augmented diversity. Harvesting options for intercrops include hand harvest, machine harvest for on-farm feed, and animal harvest of the standing crop. Most grain-crop mixtures with similar ripening times cannot be machine-harvested to produce a marketable commodity since few buyers purchase mixed grains. Dispite its advantages intercropping is neglected due to complex nature of intercropping systems. In intercropping systems an LER measures 1.0, it tells us that the amount of land required for crops grown together is the same as that for these grown in pure stand (i.e., neither loss nor loss due to intercropping over pure stands). LERs above 1.0 demonstrate an advantage to intercropping, while numbers below 1.0 diplay a disadvantage to intercropping. For example, an LER of 1.25 tells us that the yield produced in the total intercrop system would have required 25% more land if planted in pure stands. If the LER was 0.75, we know the intercrop yield was only 75% of that of the same amount of land that grew pure stands. Pakistan is a subtropical country having sufficient resources with high intensity of sunlight required for plant growth. Therefore, possibility of intercropping of different crops on the same piece of land in a year needs to be explored for effective and efficient utilization of these natural resources. Intercropping is being looked as an efficient utilization of these natural resources and economical production system as it increases the production per unit area and time. Presently, interest in intercropping is increasing among the small growers because of their diversified needs and meagre farm returns from the monocropping system. Planning of cropping system should be done yearly on entire catchment basis. The type of planning should lead to a proper balance between food, fiber and fodder crops. When the rainfall is between 500-700 mm with a distinct period of moisture surplus, intercropping system should be adopted for improved crop production. Even in higher rainfall areas (750- 1100 mm) intercropping facilitates growing either cereal-legume or legume-legume system of different maturity patterns. Intercropping minimize risk of crop failure in drylands. Mixed cropping (mixing seeds of two or more crops and broad casting the mixture) should be avoided as it hinders post-sowing operations. Choice of varieties with in the crops is very important to harness total intercropping advantage. Cereal-legume intercropping systems should be advocated to minimize fertilizer use,.? reduce pest and disease incidence, produce balance foods, ?provide protein rich legume fodder for cattle,? take full advantage of growing seaso n. Cereal-legume intercropping plays an important role in subsistence food production in both developed and developing countries, especially in situations of inadequate water resources (Tsubo et al., 2005). Intercropping cereals and grain legumes can be very potential for both organic and conservative farmers. The use of land equivalent ratio (LER) as a measure for calculating the cropping advantage of intercrops over sole crops is simple, ignoring weed inhibition, yield reliability, grain quality, and minimum advantageous yield are all relevant factors for farmers perspective (Prins and de Wit 2005). Intercropped legumes secure most of their nitrogen from the atmosphere and not compete with maize nitrogen resources (Adu-Gyamfi et al. ,2007). Increased diversity of the physical structure of plants and increased leaf cover in an intercropping system facilitates to reduce weed infestations once crop are established (Beet1990). Having a variety of root system in the soil reduces water loss, enhances water uptake and reduce transpiration. The increased transpiration may make the microclimate cooler, which cools the soil and decrease evaporation (Innis 1997). In this way during times of water stress, intercropped plants utilize a larger percentage of available water from the field than monocropped plants. Creating windbreaks may also modify the microclimate. Rows of maize in a field with a short stature crop would reduce wind speed above the shorter crop and thus deceasechance of desiccation (Beet1990). Intercropped legumes fix most of their nitrogen from the atmosphere and not compete with maize for nitrogen resources (Adu-Gyamfi et al. ,2007; Vesterager et al.,2008). Diversification of cropping systems, i.e. smaller fields and mixtures of crop species (intercropping) was much more in vouge Pre World War II. Intercropping, the simultaneously cultivation of more than one species in the same field, is a cropping method, which often result in a more efficient use of resources, cause more stable yields in problematic environments and a method to reduce problems with weeds, plant pathogens and nitrogen losses post grain legume harvest.In this context a greater introduction of longterm rotations, intercrops and grain legumes play an important role (Jensen 1997; Karlen1994). Intercropping of cereal and legume crops facilitates to maintain and improve soil fertility (Andrew, 1979). Intercropping of legumes with cereals has been popular in tropics (Hauggaard-Nielsen et al.,, 2001; Tsubo et al.,,2005) and rain-fed tracts of the globe (Banik et al.,, 2000; Ghosh, 2004; Agegnehu et al.,, 2006; Dhima et al.,,2007) due to its benefits for soil conservation (Anil et al., 1998), weed control (Poggio, 2005; Banik et al.,,2006), lodging resistance (Anil et al.,, 1998), yield enhancemnent (Anil et al.,, 1998; Chen et al.,, 2004), hay curing, forage preservation over pure legumes, more crude protein percentage and protein yield (Qamar et al.,, 1999; Karadag and Buyukburc, 2004), and contols legume root parasite infections (Fenandez-Aparicio et al.,,2007). Different seeding ratios or planting patterns for cereal-legume intercropping have been accomplished by many researchers (Tsubo et al.,, 2001; Karadag and Buyukburc, 2004; Banik et al.,, 2006; Dhima et al.,, 2007). Competition among mixtures is thought to be the major characteristic affecting yield as compared with monocropping of cereals. Species or cultivar selections, seeding ratios, and inter and intra specific competition among mixtures may influence the growth of the species grown in intercropping systems in rain-fed areas (Santalla et al.,, 2001; Karadag and Buyukburc, 2004; Carr et al.,, 2004; Agegnehu et al.,, 2006; Banik et al.,, 2006; Dhima et al.,, 2007). Various competition indices such as land equivalent ratio (LER), relative crowding coefficient (RCC), competitive ratio (CR), actual yield loss (AYL), monetary advantage(MI) and intercropping advantage(IA) have been anticipated to portray competition within and economic advantages of intercropping systems (Banik et al.,, 2000; Ghosh, 2004; Agegnehu et al.,, 2006; Banik et al.,, 2006; Dhima et al.,, 2007). However, such indices have not been used for maize and common bean intercropping to determine the competition among species and also economic advantages of each intercropping system in the East Mediterranean region. Higher monetary returns were obtained compared to sole cropping when bush beans intercropped with sweet maize (Santalla et al.,, 2001). Higher seed yield and net income under planting pattern with changing mix-proportions may be explained in higher total productivity under intercropping with relatively less input investment (Banik et al.,, 2006). Tsubo et al., (2005) formed a simulation model to find out the best planting methods for maize and bean intercrops in sub-arid South Africa. Based on 52 years of weather data, they compared the best planting time, optimal water saturation at planting, maize plant density, and bean plant density to receive the highest LER, energy value (EV), and monetary value (MV) from the intercropped field. For every combination of factors, a LER greater than 1.0 was found, indicating that intercropping of maize and beans increases total yield. The simulations show that initial soil water content has the greatest influence on intercropping productivity. Bean plant density had no influence on maize or bean yields, indicating that maize yield is not affected by bean intercropping, although bean yields were decreased in the intercropped system (Tsubo et al., 2005). High densities of maize maximized maize yield and calorie production, but high densities of beans maximized financial return. Decline of e xternal inputs and increases of homegrown feed together with a more efficient nutrient use from leguminous symbiotic dinitrogen (N2) fixation (SNF) can result in a decrease of nitrogen and mineral losses. Maize-legume intercropping systems are able to lessen amount of nutrients taken from the soil in comparasion to a maize monocrop. Organizing the complication of exchanges that are possible due to the physical constraints of diversity are present in the farm system is vital part of reducing the need for external inputs and moving toward sustainability (Herrera, 1974). Increasing diversity often allows better resources use efficiency in agro ecosystem because with higher diversity, there is larger microhabitat differentiation, allowing the components species and varieties of the system to grow in an environment ideally fitting to its unique requirements (Mazaheri and Oveysi, 2004; Willey and Reddy1981; and Yancey, 1994). A key and straight way of rising diversity of an agro ecosystem is intercropping system that allows interaction between the individuals of the different crops and varieties (Mazaheri, 2004; Willey, 1981 and Venkatswarlu1981). Intercropping can add temporal diversity through the sequential planting of different crops during the same season (Yancey, 1994). Importance of multiple cropping is increasing world food supplies. An LER value of 1.0, indicating no difference in yield between the intercrop and the collection of monocultures (Mazaheri and Oveysi, 2004 and Kurata 1986). Any Value greater than 1.0 indicates a yield advantage for intercrop. A LER of 1.2 for example, indicates that the area planted to monocultures would need to be 20% greater than the area planted to intercrop for the two to produce the same combined yields (Laster and Furr,1972). Intercropping in cassava was beneficial in increasing the biological yield, tuber equivalent yield and land use efficiency. Cassava tuber equivalent yield, LER, ATER and AHER were higher in cassava + cowpea combinations.(Amanullah et al., 2006). Mixed culture (or intercropping) of legumes and cereals is an old practice in tropical agriculture that dates back to ancient civilization. The main objective of intercropping has been to maximum utilization of resources such as space, light and nutrients (Willey, 1990; Morris and Garrity, 1993; Li et al.,, 2003b), as well as to improve crop quality and quantity (Nel, 1975; Izaurralde et al.,, 1990; Mpairwe et al.,, 2002). Other benefits include water quality control through least use of inorganic nitrogen fertilisers that pollute the environment (Crew and Peoples, 2004). The contemporary drift in global agriculture is to search for highly productive, sustainable and environmentally safe cropping systems (Crew and Peoples, 2004). This has resulted into renewed interest in cropping systems research (Vandermeer, 1989). When two crops are grown in association, interspecific competition or facilitation between plants may take place (Vandermeer, 1989; Zhang et al.,, 2003).Different studies have shown that mixtures of cereals and legumes produce higher grain yields than either crop grown unaccompanied (Mead and Willey, 1980; Horwith, 1984; Tariah and Wahua, 1985; Ofori and Stern, 1987a; Lawson and Kang, 1990; Watiki et al.,, 1993; Peter and Runge-Metzger, 1994; Skovgard and Pats, 1999; Rao and Mathuva, 2000; Olufemi et al.,, 2001; Mpairwe et al.,, 2002; Dapaah et al.,, 2003). In such crop mixtures, the yield increases were not only due to enhanced nitrogen nourishment of the cereal component, but also to other unexplored causes (Nel, 1975; Connolly et al.,, 2001). Many of the unknown and less research processes occur in the rhizosphere of mixtures (Connolly et al.,, 2001; Zhang et al.,, 2003, 2004). The rhizosphere soil is the narrow zone of soil neighboring the roots where soil, micro-organisms and roots jointly play key roles in the soil ecosystem. Compared with the bulk soil, the rhizosphere has diverse biological, physical and chemical soil properties. It is rich in root exudates, and, therefore, play a major role in nutrient mobilisation and microbial activities (Dakora and Phillips, 2002; Dakora, 2003). So far however, little attention has been paid to rhizosphere effects on crops grown in mixtures (Connolly et al.,, 2001; Zhang et al.,, 2003; 2004), where interaction between different organisms is high. The major management practices employed in mixed cultures to attain good yield includes the enhancement of microclimatic conditions, improved utilisation and recycling of soil nutrients, improved soil quality, provision of favourable hab itats for plants and stabilisation of soil, among others (Juma et al.,, 1997). Most of intercropping systems are intentionally made and manipulated to optimise the use of spatial, temporal, and physical resources both above-and belowground, by maximising positive interactions (facilitation) and minimizing negative ones (competition) among the components (Willey and Osiru, 1972; Willey, 1979; Mead and Willey, 1980; Horwith, 1985; Ofori and Stern, 1986, 1987a, b; Jose et al.,, 2000; Silwana and Lucas, 2002). An understanding of the biological and chemical processes and mechanisms involved in the distribution of resources in such systems is indispensable. The complex interactions in legume/cereal cropping systems such as those used by traditional farmers have received little research attention (Connolly et al.,, 2001; Zhang et al.,, 2004) because quantitative rhizosphere studies in the field involving complex mixtures are notoriously complex and cumbersome. These conditions are achieved by manipulating management practices such as planting patterns of the mixtures with the selection of appropriate cropping systems. Interactions will occur in the growth process, especially when the component species are exploiting the resources above-and below-ground (Vandermer, 1989; Willey, 1990; Ong et al.,, 1996) from the same niche or at the same time. In crop mixtures, any species utilizing the same combination of resources will be in direct competition. However, based on differences in phenological characteristics of species in asocition, the interaction among them may lead to an increased capture of a limiting growth resource (Willey and Osiru, 1972; Willey, 1979; Mead and Willey, 1980; Horwith, 1985; Ofori and Stern, 1986, 1987a,b; Silwana and Lucas, 2002) and then amassing larger total yield than the collective production of those species if they were grown separately on an equivalent land area (Mead and Ndakidemi 2527 Willey, 1980; Horwith, 1984; Tariah and Wahua, 1985; Ofori and Stern, 1987a; Lawson and Kang, 1990; Watiki et al.,, 1993; Peter and Runge-Metzger, 1994; Myaka, 1995; Asafu-Agyei et al.,, 1997; Skovgard and Pats, 1999; Rao and Mathuva, 2000; Olufemi et al.,, 2001; Dapaah et al.,, 2003). Thus, mixed cropping systems between cereals and legumes may face a complex series of inter- and intra-specific interaction (Izaurralde et al.,, 1990; Giller and Cadisch, 1995; Evans et al.,, 2001; Li et al.,, 2003c) geared by modifications and utilisation of light, water, nutrients and enzymes. Most annual crop mixtures such as those involving cereals and legumes are grown almost at the same time, and develop root systems that acquire the same soil zone for resources (Horwith, 1984; Chang and Shibles, 1985a,b; Reddy et al.,, 1994; Jensen et al.,, 2003). Under such circumstances, below-ground competition for resources such as nutrients is most likely to take place. For example, research has shown that activities in maize + cowpea intercropping take place between the top 30-45 cm of soil, and their intensity decreased with depth (Maurya and Lal, 1981; McIntyre et al.,, 1997). Because of these interactions, cowpea yields can be reduced significantly in relationto that of maize (Watiki et al.,, 1993). In contrast to some negative effects on yield, root systems in mixtures may provide some of the major favorable effects on soil and plants. These include, amongst others, carbon enrichment through higher carbon return (Ridder et al.,, 1990; Vanlauwe et al.,, 1997), discharge of phenolics, phytosiderophores and carboxylic acids as root exudates by companion plants (Dakora and Phillips, 2002; Dakora, 2003). These compounds play a major role in the mineral nutrition of plants. For instance, some studies have displayed that, in P-deficient soils, pigeon pea roots utilize piscidic, malonic, and oxalic acids to solubilise Fe-, Ca- and Al-bound P (Ae et al.,, 1990). Once mobilised, P and Fe then become available for uptake by the pigeon pea plant as well as by plant species grown in association and micro flora in the cropping system.This is due to the fact that, thus far, research efforts on mixed cultures has centered on the intra- and inter-specific competition for light and water, and re search reports on competition for nutrients in legumes and cereal mixtures (Connolly et al.,, 2001; Zhang et al.,, 2003, 2004). It is, therefore, imperative to discover how the rhizosphere systems of the associated plant species in mixtures interact under different legume-cereal cropping systems. Rhizospheric pH changes in different management systems in legume/cereal mixtures Many plants have the ability to alter the pH of their rhizosphere (Hoffland et al.,, 1989, 1992; Raven et al.,, 1990; Degenhardt et al.,, 1998; Muofhe and Dakora, 2000; Dakora and Phillips, 2002) and improve nutrient availability such as P, K, Ca, and Mg, which are otherwise fixed and not available to plants (Vandermeer, 1989; Hauggaard- Nielson and Jensen, 2005). For instance, legumes induce numerous reactions that modify the rhizosphere pH (Jarvis and Robson, 1983; McLay et al.,, 1997; Tang et al.,, 1998, 2001) and influence nutrient uptake (Brady, 1990; Vizzatto et al.,, 1999). For example, Dakora et al., (2000) have shown that due to pH changes in the rhizosphere, Cyclopia genistoides, a tea-producing legume native to South Africa, increased nutrient availability in its rhizosphere by 45 120% for P, 108 161% for K, 120 148% for Ca, 127 225% for Mg and 117 250% for boron (B) compared to bulk non-rhizosphere soil. Hence, legumes may take up higher amounts of base cations, and in the process of balancing internal charge, release H+ ions into the rhizosphere that results in soil acidification (Jarvis and Robson, 1983; McLay et al.,, 1997; Tang et al.,, 1998, 2001; Sas et al.,, 2001; Dakora and Phillips, 2002; Cheng et al.,, 2004). Other legumes such as alfalfa, chickpea, lupines, and cowpea can release considerable amounts of organic anions and lower their rhizospere pH (Liptone et al.,, 1987; Dinkelaker et al.,, 1989, 1995; Braum and Helmke, 1995; Gilbert et al.,, 1999; Neumann et al.,, 1999; Rao et al.,, 2002; Li et al.,, 2004b), a condition favorable for the hydrolysis of organic P and hence improving P2O5 nutrition for plants and micro organism in the soil. In the same context, white lupine (Lupinus albus) exuded organic acids anions and protons that lowered rhizosphere pH and recovered substantial amount of P2O5 from the soil and made them more available to wheat than when it was grown in solitary cropping system (Horst and Waschkies, 1987; Kamh et al.,, 1999). Similarly, pigeon pea increased P2O5 uptake of the intercropped sorghum by exuding piscidic acid anions that chelated Fe3+ and subsequently released P2O5 from FePO4 (Ae et al.,, 1990). In a field trial, faba bean facilitated P2O5 uptake by maize (Z hang et al.,, 2001; Li et al.,, 1999, 2003b; Zhang and Li, 2003). In another comparative study, the ability of chickpea to mobilise organic P2O5 was shown to be greater than that of maize due to greater exudation of protons and organic acids by chickpea in relation to maize (Li et al.,, 2004a). Thus, in mixed cultures, plants such as cereals, which do not have strong rhizosphere acidification capacity can benefit directly from nutrients solubilised by legume root exudates. What is, however, not clearly known is the extent of rhizosphere pH changes in mixed cultures involving nodulated legumes and cereals and their influence on other biological and chemical processes in the soil. N2 FIXATION IN LEGUMES AND THE ASSOCIATED BENEFITS TO THE CEREAL COMPONENT Biological nitrogen fixation by grain legume crops has received a lot of attention (Eaglesham et al.,, 1981; Giller et al.,, 1991; Izaurralde et al.,, 1992; Giller and Cadisch, 1995; Peoples et al.,, 2002) because it is a considerable N source in agricultural ecosystems (Heichel, 1987; Dakora and Keya, 1997). However, studies on N2 fixation in complex cereal-legume mixtures are few (Stern, 1993; Peoples et al.,, 2002). Intercropping usually includes a legume which fixes N2 that benefits the system, and a cereal component that depends heavily on nitrogen for higher yield (Ofori and Stern, 1986; Cochran and Schlentner, 1995). Controlled studies have shown a significant direct transfer of fixed-N to the associated non-legume species (Eaglesham et al.,, 1981; Giller et al.,, 1991; Frey and Schà ¼epp, 1993; Stern, 1993; Elgersma et al.,, 2000; Hà ¸gh-Jensen and Schjoerring, 2000; Chu et al.,, 2004). There was evidence that the mineralisation of decomposing legume roots in the soil can b oost N availability to the allied crop (Dubach and Russelle, 1994; Schroth et al.,, 1995; Evans et al.,, 2001). In mixed cultures, where row arrangements and the distance of the legume from the cereal are far, nitrogen transfer could decrease. Research has shown that competition between cereals and legumes for nitrogen may in turn kindle N2 fixation activity in the legumes (Fujita et al.,, 1990; Hardarson and Atkins, 2003). The cereal component effectively drains the soil of N, forcing the legume to fix more N2. Therefore it is important to manipulate and establish how the management practice in legume-cereal mixtures may influence N2 fixation and nutrition in cropping systems. The microbial biomass is influenced by biological, chemical, and physical properties of the plant-soil system. Generally, soil and plant management practices may have greater impact on the level of soil microbial C (Gupta and Germida, 1988; Dick et al.,, 1994; Dick, 1997; Alvey et al.,, 2003). For instance, soil microbial C tend to show the highest values in cropland and grassland soils and the lowest in bare cultivated soils (Brookes et al.,, 1984; Gupta and Germida, 1988).Monoculture systems are expected to contain less amounts of microbial biomass and activities in comparison to those in mixed cultures (Moore et al.,, 2000). Studies have indicated that legumes accumulated larger amounts of soil microbial C in the soil than cereals (Walker et al.,, 2003). This is attributed to lower C : N ratio of legume than that of cereal (Uriyo et al.,, 1979; Brady, 1990). Microbial biomass activities could increase after the addition of an energy source. The stimulation of soil microbial biomas s activity by organic amendments is elevated than that induced by organic fertilisers (Bolton et al.,, 1985; Goyal et al.,, 1993; Hà ¶flich et al.,, 2000). Soil organic matter content and soil microbial activities, vital for the nutrient turnover and long term productivity of soil, are enhanced by the balanced application of nutrient and/or organic matter/manure (Bolton et al.,, 1985; Guan, 1989; Goyal et al.,, 1993; Hà ¶flich et al.,, 2000; Kanchikerimath and Singh, 2001). Under conditions of adequate nutrient supply such as P2O5, the microbial biomass C will be increased due to improved plant growth and increased turnover of organic matter in the soil (Bolton et al.,, 1985). Whether the management practices in mixed cultures involving legumes and cereals may favour the stimulation of biological soil activity and, thus, result in a higher turnover of organic substrates in the soil that are utilized by micro-organisms is a good subject to be investigated. Although there is a lot o f information that show the relationship between soil management and soil microbial activity, little is known about these effects under mixed cropping systems as practised by farmers in the tropical/ subtropical environments (Dick, 1984; Dick et al.,, 1988; Deng and Tabatabai, 1996). In this context, the measurement of their activities could provide useful information concerning soil health, and also serve as a good index of biological status in different crop production systems. PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN LEGUME/CEREAL MIXTURES Plants have evolved many morphological and enzymatic adaptations to bear low phosphate availability. This includes transcription activity of acid phosphatases, which tends to increase under P2O5 starvation (Tarafdar and Jungk, 1987; Goldstein, 1992; Duff et al.,, 1994; del Pozo et al.,, 1999; Haran et al.,, 2000; Baldwin et al.,, 2001; Miller et al.,, 2001; Li et al.,, 2002). Phosphatase enzymes in the soil serve several important functions, and are good indicators of soil fertility (Dick and Tabatai, 1992; Eivazi and Tabatabai, 1997; Dick et al.,, 2000). Under conditions of P2O5 deficiency, acid phosphatase secreted from roots is greater than before (Nakas et al.,, 1987; Chrost, 1991;Hayes et al.,, 1999; Li et al.,, 1997). Gilbert et al., (1999) found that white lupin roots from P-deficient plants had significantly superior acid phosphatase activity in both the root extracts and the root exudates than comparable samples from P-sufficient plants. At various starvation levels, these e nzymes release phosphate from both cellular (Bariola et al.,, 1994) and extra cellular (Duff et al.,, Ndakidemi 2529 1994) organic compounds. The transcripts and activity of phosphate transporters are increased to optimise uptake and remobilisation of phosphate in P-deficient plants (Muchhal et al.,, 1996; Daram et al.,, 1999; Kai et al.,, 2002; Karthikeyan et al.,, 2002; Mudge et al.,, 2002; Versaw and Harrison, 2002). It is thought that these morphological and enzymatic responses to P starvation are coordinated by both general stress-related and P-specific signaling systems. The amount of acid phosphatase secreted by plants is genetically controlled, and differs with crop species and varieties (Izaguirre-Mayoral and Carballo, 2002) as well as crop management practices (Patra et al.,, 1990; Staddon et al.,, 1998; Wright and Reddy, 2001). Some studies have shown that the amount of enzymes secreted by legumes were 72 % higher than those from cereals (Yadav and Tarafdar, 2001). Li et al., (2004a) found that, chickpea roots were also able to secrete greater amounts of acid phosphatase than maize. The activity of acid phosphatases is expected to be higher in biologically managed systems because of higher quantity of organic C content found in those systems. In fact, the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase was found to correlate with organic matter in various studies (Guan, 1989; Jordan and Kremer, 1994; Aon and Colaneri, 2001). It is, therefore, anticipated that management practices in mixed cultures that induce P stress in the rhizosphere, may also affect the secretion of these enzymes. To date, there have been few studies examining the influence of cropping system on the phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of most legumes and cereals grown in Pakistan. Understanding the dynamics of enzyme activities in these systems is crucial for their assessment their interactions as in turn their activities may regulate nutrient uptake and plant growth in the ecosystem. EFFECT OF ORGANIC, BIOLOGICAL ANDCHEIMCAL FERTLIZERS ON CROPS AND SOIL Application of organic manures has various advantages such as increasing soil physical properties, water holding capacity, and organic carbon content apart from supplying good quality of nutrients. The addition of organic sources could increase the yield through improving soil productivity and higher fertilizer use efficiency (Santhi, and Selvakumari, 2000). High and sustained yield could be obtained with judicious and balanced fertilization combined with organic manures (Kang, B.T. and V. Balasubramanian, 1990). Protecting long-term soil fertility by maintaining soil organic matter levels to certain extent, sustaining soil biological activity and careful mechanical intervention, providing crop nutrient directly by using relatively insoluble nutrient sources which are made available to the plants by the action of soil micro-organisms, nitrogen self sufficiency through the biological nitrogen fixation (Hossain et al.,,2004) as well as effective recycling of organic materials including livestock wastes organic manuring (Safdar, 2002).Soil degradation which is brought about by loss of organic matter accompanying continuous cropping becomes aggravated when inorganic fertilizers are applied repeatedly. This is because crop response to applied fertilizer depends on soil organic matter (Agboola and Omueti, 1982). Among differnret manues poultry manure is highly nutrient enriched organic manure since solid and liquid excreta are excreted simultaneously resulting in no urine loss. In fresh poultry excreta uric acid or urate is the most plentiful nitrogen compound (40-70 % of total N) while urea and ammonium are present in petite amounts (Krogdahl, and Dahlsgard. 1981). Cooperband et al., (2002) assessed phosphorus value of different- age poultry litter composts and raw poultry litter. Available soil P was the highest in plots amended with 15-month old compost, followed by raw poultry litter amended plots. Poultry manure is an excellent organic fertilizer, as it contains high nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other essential nutrients. In contrast to mineral fertilizer, it adds organic matter to soil which improves soil structures, nutrient retention, aeration, soil moisture holding capacity, and water infiltration (Deksissa et al.,, 2008). It was also indicated that poultry manure more readil y supplies P to plants than other organic manure sources (Garg and Bahla, 2008). As the use of poultry manure becomes an integral part of sustainable agriculture, demand for poultry products increases and pasturelands as well as croplands become nutrient saturated, which has ultimately increased water quality and public health concerns. In addition to high N and P content, raw poultry manure has a potential source of pathogen or E .coli (Jamieson et al.,, 2002; Bustamante et al.,, 2007) and endocrine disruptors (Deksissa et al.,, 2007). High and sustained crop yield can be obtained with judicious and balanced NPK fertilization combined with organic matter amendment (Kang and Balasubramanian, 1990).The benefits

Crime and Punishment Essay

The meaning of â€Å"Notes from Underground† to the artistic world is difficult to overestimate. As mentioned by L. P. Grosman: â€Å"’Notes from Underground’ – is one of the most exposing compositions of Dostoyevsky. Never has it happened again that he opens up in such fullness all of his most intimate thoughts, not meant for show secrets of his heart† (Grosman, 299). Becoming the prelude to other great works of Dostoyevsky, â€Å"Notes from Underground† influenced world literature, not only Russian literary growth. Merezhkovskii thought that the main difference between Dostoyevsky’s and Nietzsche’s â€Å"last freedoms† is that Dostoyevsky, growing â€Å"underground† ideas in his characters, but not completing them still tried to â€Å"grasp† onto Russian orthodoxy, while the other – praised the man: â€Å"Just as Nietzsche [†¦] Dostoyevsky considers the last gift of freedom to be the man-god, the antichrist, with the difference in the two being that Nietzsche blesses this gift, and Dostoyevsky curses it† (Merezhkovskii, 217 – 218). By the thoughts of Berdyaev, if before â€Å"Notes from Underground† Dostoyevsky was no more than a: humanist, full of compassion for the ‘poor people’, the ‘humiliated and insulted’, the characters of the ‘House of the Dead’, then from ‘Notes from Underground’ begins the brilliant ideological dialectic of Dostoyevsky. He is no longer simply a psychologist, he is a metaphysician; he explores, to the depths, the tragedies of human spirit. He is no longer a humanist by the old meaning of the word; He has completely torn away from Belinsky’s humanism. (Berdyaev, 36). At the same time Berdyaev did not share this opinion with Shestov about Dostoyevsky being an exclusive underground psychologist: â€Å"Dostoyevsky possesses underground psychology only in the moment of the spiritual journey of man. He does not leave us in the hopeless circle of underground psychology, he removes us from it† (Berdyaev, 141). Losing humanistic faith in man, Dostoyevsky has no choice but to be loyal to the Christian principles, deepening, strengthening and enriching them; therefore, he cannot be a â€Å"gloom, hopelessly-pessimistic† writer. In his darkest and most painful moments Dostoyevsky has the â€Å"light of Christ† – the â€Å"freeing light† (37). â€Å"Notes from Underground† was praised as one of the most reaction producing stories by Yermylov, where-in was conducted not only â€Å"malicious controversy† with the novel of a â€Å"genius† Russian revolutionary-democrat NG Chernyshevsky, but also told about â€Å"moral crimes†. Thus â€Å"in the face of the conscience of mankind† Dostoyevsky’s role in moral crime proved â€Å"heavy† because â€Å"you cannot talk about the crime with malice! † (Yermylov, 42 – 43). Exploring the works of the 1860’s, in particular the novel â€Å"Notes from Underground†, Kirpotin concluded about the importance of its poetics for all following works of Dostoyevsky and specific to his novel form: The poetics of ‘Notes from Underground’ contains within it undeveloped poetics from the later works of Dostoyevsky. The merging of philosophy and narration in ‘Notes from Underground’, and its dissolution in the story soon after [†¦] led to the creation of the first great novel by Dostoyevsky – ‘Crime and Punishment’, a new novel which was specific to Dostoyevsky’s type. (Kirpotin, 472, 475) The genius of Dostoyevsky in â€Å"Notes from Underground† is expressed in that he felt, and strongly expressed the psychology of philosophical experience. Demonstrating how one’s character forms or deforms under heavy influence, he was able to show the crystallization of the human spirit; this concept has gained world renowned meaning. Separating Dostoyevsky from his character and considering â€Å"Notes from Underground† as a complete work of art and nothing less, Kirpotin admitted the truth expressed in the story about the author’s vision, retaining its aesthetic nature. However, through aesthetics Dostoyevsky â€Å"peered into anthology, into the philosophy of the world, into space and society†, but – stated Kirpotin – â€Å"as he understood them, of course† (Kirpotin, 175). Understanding the writer, according to Kirpotin was inadequate for the ideas of the advanced people in society; Dostoyevsky kept to his ingenious artistic discoveries despite his beliefs. Prospective studies carried out under the archetypal approach in the study of the â€Å"underground† image help find the answers to a number of important questions about this work: on the true place of the man from the â€Å"underground† in Dostoyevsky’s work, on the expressive or un-expressive characteristics in all its characters and on the means of poetic incarnation of the â€Å"underground† phenomenon, on the influence of the image of an â€Å"underground† hero on the classic works of world literature, which spawned a whole gallery of â€Å"underground† characters.

Environmental impacts Essay

Introduction The Environment is the major resource for tourism. Tourism depends on the environment because environment is a major tourist attraction. The quality of the environment, both natural and man-made, is essential to tourism. It involves many activities that can have adverse environmental effects. Many of these impacts are linked with the construction of general infrastructure such as roads and airports, and of tourism facilities, including resorts, hotels, restaurants, shops, golf courses and marinas. The negative impacts of tourism development can gradually destroy the environmental resources on which it depends. On the other hand, tourism has the potential to create beneficial effects on the environment by contributing to environmental protection and conservation. It is a way to raise awareness of environmental values and it can serve as a tool to finance protection of natural areas and increase their economic importance. Statement of the Problem This study will be conducted to investigate the environmental impacts of tourism in coastal area in Tanza, Cavite. Specifically, the study will attempt to answer the following questions: 1. What is the perception of the tourism industry that they are the source of effects on environment in terms of: 1.1 Natural environment; 1.2 Natural resources; and 1.3 Built environment. 2. Does the tourism industry has a benefits on environment in terms of: 2.1 resorts; 2.2 beaches; and 2.3 infrastructure. 3. What is the perception of the residents in the environmental impacts of tourism? Conceptual Framework Inputs Process Outputs Figure 1. Conceptual Framework on Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Coastal Area in Tanza, Cavite The figure 1 shows the input and the processes of the study. Coastal Area in Tanza, Cavite of the selected resorts and beaches are the things to be measured in the study and the process is perception questionnaire for Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Coastal Area. Scope and Limitations of the Study This study will focus on collecting the data about environmental impacts of tourism in coastal area. This study is limited to the data that will be collected in the community of Tanza near the coastal area. Significance of the Study This study will contribute to the community near the coastal area and to the local government to bring back the beauty and natural appearance of the affected area and also to improve the beaches where most of the tourists visit to gain more customers. Also to know the main reason why the area is polluted if it’s because of the visitors or the local community. Definition of Terms Attraction – the action or power of evoking interest, pleasure, or liking for someone or something. Beach – a pebbly or sandy shore, esp. by the ocean between high- and low-water marks. Built Environment – refers to the human-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging in scale from buildings and parks or green space to neighborhoods and cities that can often include their supporting infrastructure, such as water supply, or energy networks. Environment – the natural world, as a whole or in a particular geographical area, esp. as affected by human activity. Environmental impacts – Environmental issues are harmful aspects of human activity on the biophysical environment. Impact – have a strong effect on someone or something. Infrastructure – the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the  operation of a society or enterprise. Resort – a place that is a popular destination for vacations or recreation, or which is frequented for a particular purpose. Natural Resources – materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Environmental Impacts The environment is recognized as the major resource for tourism. There is a mutual dependence between tourism and environment which has been described as symbiotic. This relationship is one in which tourism benefits from being in a good quality environment and environment benefits from the measures taken to protect and maintain its value as a tourist resource. (Williams 1998). As an environmentally dependent industry (Hall, 2007), tourism can have significant impacts upon the natural environment. Because of this, tourism must be developed in a way that focuses on sustainability so that the infinite life of tourism can be ensured while preserving the natural resources provided by the environment (Bramwell, 1993). Tourism Tourism as people who travel â€Å"the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity (Hunziker and Krapf 1941). Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes (Tourism Society of England 1976). CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design The researchers will use descriptive-correlation design in this study. The  researchers will get the perception of the residents on the impacts of the tourism in the areas. Using descriptive-correlation the researcher will show if there are any negative effects of tourism in the coastal areas. Sources of Data The researchers will get the perception of the guests, they will be asked about all the factors that affect the coastal area. They will also asked if the tourism industry is one of the biggest factor, and their perception about the environmental impacts of tourism industry in their place. Data Gathering Procedure The primary data will be gathered to answer the objectives of the study. The data will be collected through questionnaire which includes demographic data and the researcher will also conduct an interview to the residents near the following coastal areas in Tanza Cavite. Data Analysis The population consists of 100 local residents near the following coastal areas in Tanza, Cavite. Convenience sampling will be use to determine the impacts of tourism in coastal areas. The researchers will get the perception of the residents by answering the questionnaire if they strongly agree to strongly disagree. Statistical Treatment Research Instrument The researcher will use survey questionnaire for the study, they will also conduct a personal interview and visit the sites.